Craig, Wendy, et. al. “"An overview of general features of risk assessments of genetically modified crops [electronic resource]." EBSCOhost. Dec. 2008. UAF. 17 Feb. 2009.
This article provides scientific risk assessments on some of the risks of genetically modified crops, and also explains how risk assessments are administered. The issues discussed are the health hazards, pest evolutionary resistance, and the integration of GMCs into other species. This is the first article I read o the subject and it provides excellent background information on what genetically modified crops are and even presents risks that I hadn't heard about like the potential to create more antibiotic resistant bacteria. This article is written by genetic engineers for genetic engineers.
Vain, Philippe. “ Thirty years of plant transformation technology development [electronic resource].”
EBSCOhost. Mar. 2007. UAF. 17 Feb. 2009. <>.
This article provides the history over the last 30 years of the progression of GM crops. It covers the developmental technology involved in creating GM. It discusses the technology by region, species, and provides a plethora of scientific data. This article will be good for my paper not necessarily for its content but mainly for the data it provides on GM crop trends. Once again, the intended audience for this article is genetic engineers. The author works in a research facility in the department of genetics.
Vergragt, Philip J.; Brown, Halina Szejnwald. “Genetic engineering in agriculture: New approaches for risk management through sustainability reporting [electronic resource].” EBSCOhost. July. 2008. UAF. 28 Feb. 2009.
This article provides a look at more issues involving GM crops. It provides more cut and dry information on the ethics and health risks including the ethics of patenting living organisms. It also reviews some of the public backlash against GM crops and government regulations regarding GM crops. I like this article because it is a little easier to understand compared to my previous articles which are more geared towards scientists. This article seems to be geared more towards the general public. Vergragt works for MIT and The Tellus Institute. Brown works at Clark University in the environmental science and policy department.
Sheldon, Ian. “Food Principles: Regulating Genetically Modified Crops after the 2006 WTO Ruling.” EBSCOhost. Fall/Winter. 2007. UAF. 28 Feb. 2009.
This article provides information on a US challenge to EU regulations of GM crops. The author is a professor at Ohio State University. This article covers more of the ethical questions raised by GM crops, but also goes over some of the considered risks. This article, like the article above, is more politically based and provides more of a general knowledge on the subject of GM crops. I like this article because it not only focuses on the ethics of GM crops, but also provides information about some of the environmental and health concerns.
Horlick-Jones, Tom, John Walls, and Jenny Kitzinger. "Bricolage in action: learning about, making sense of, and discussing, issues about genetically modified crops and food." EBSCOhost. March
2007. UAF. 28 Feb. 2009.
This article is another good source that provides information on what GM crops are. This article is vastly different from the other articles I have gathered so far. I like it because it provides an outline of group discussions about GM crops in the UK. This article then analyzes these discussions. This is good because it gives me some information on how normal people feel about GM crops. I am also beginning to notice that this issue is very prominent in the EU. Jones-Horlick works for the Cardiff School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University,. UK. The other two authors are also affiliated with universities.
Editors, The. "The Green Gene Revolution.." EBSCOhost. Aug. 2004. UAF. 28 Feb. 2009.
This article argues for the use of GM crops. It talks about that fact that people should embrace this new technology. The article even states that the rhetoric surrounding the issue is more damaging then the crops themselves. I like this article because it offers a view opposing my thesis. The authors are the editors of Scientific American.
Schmidt, Charles W. “Genetically Modified Foods Breeding Uncertainty.” EBSCOhost. Aug. 2005. UAF. 28 Feb. 2009.
This article talks about why farmers like using GM crops and also goes over why some countries embrace them and some don't. Another good thing about this article is it goes over more potential health risks, the most prominent being the allergenic properties of GM crops. I also like that this article has a map showing which countries grow, don't grow, or have even outlawed GM crops.
This article is nice because it goes over both sides of the argument while remaining neutral. The author is a journalist for Environmental Health Sciences.
Kuiper, Harry. “Biotechnology, the Environment, and Sustainability.” EBSCOhost. June 2003. UAF.
28 Feb. 2009.
This article talks about research done on the environmental effects of GM crops. Its main idea is that not enough long term effect research has been done on the subject. He discusses what questions researchers should be asking and describes that his research is looking for the unintended effects of GM food and plants. I like this article because in contrast to my other articles he is proposing what types of things could potentially go wrong and proposes that they need to be investigated further without saying GM crops are in and of themselves bad. The author is a Dr. but I could not find any more information pertaining to what type of doctor he is. H e wrote this for Nutrition Reviews.
Williams, Stephen. “Rather than GM, here comes nuclear food.” EBSCOhost. Jan. 2009. UAF. 2 March. 2009.
This article is about how nuclear plants provides a better alternative than GM crops. Nuclear crops can provide the same results as GM crops without the worry. This article does not really compare with my other sources except the fact that it mentions GM crops. I like this article because it offers an alternative method to the ends GM crops attempt to achieve. It will allow me to provide alternatives to GM crops. The author is a writer for New African.
Kanter, James. "Europe to Allow Two Bans on Genetically Altered Crops." New York
Times 2 Mar. 2009, natl. ed. New York Times. 3 Mar. 2009
This is an article that is about how the E.U. allowed Austria and Hungry to maintain bans on GM crops. This article is like the WTO article I have. It is unique in the fact that it is about the banning of GM crops. I like this article because it will help strengthen the idea of GM crops being unethical.
The author James Kanter covers European affairs and has a degree in history from Colombia and a degree in journalism from City College in London.
Weiss, Rick. "2 Reports At Odds On Biotech Crops." Washington Post 14 Feb. 2008,
natl ed. The Washington Post.com. 3 Mar. 2009
This article talks about the dueling argument for GM crops between the biotech companies and the environmental groups. It is about dueling reports from each group reporting the pros and cons of GM crops, specifically ones with pesticide modifications. It is like other articles I have that talk of the dangers of using crops modified to resist pesticides. The articles target audience is the general public. The author is a staff writer from the Washington Post.
Pence, Gregory E. Designer Food. Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers,Inc., 2002.
This is a book that covers all aspects of GM food including crops. I have not had time to read it all yet, but I did read the chapter on GM crops. His theme is that they are not harmful, but he does believe that the environmental effects could be problematic. This book is targeted to the general public. The author has been a teacher of Bioethics in the philosophy department and School of Medicine at University of Alabama.
Cerdeira, Antonio L., et al. "Review of potential environmental impacts of transgenic glyphosate- resistant soybean in Brazil." EBSCOhost. June 2007. UAF. 3 March. 2009.
The article objectively looks at all aspects of GM effects on the environment. Specifically the article is talking about genetically modified soy bean plants in brazil. It points out where GM crops have no effect but does show where they do, especially in non-targeted organism such as insects and weeds. Drifts to non-transgenic crops are a problem. This article is similar to my others in that it presents scientific evidence regarding GM crops. It is different in the fact that it focuses on a specific study crop in Brazil. The audience it is targeted at is that of the scientific community. The authors are members of the Brazilian Agricultural Department of Research.
Vasil, Indra K. . "A short history of plant biotechnology [electronic resource]." EBSCOhost. Oct. 2008.
UAF. 3 March. 2009.
This article provides good background information on the history of GM crops. It provides scientific explanations for how genetically modified crops are produced and the history of methods used. I like this article because it will provide me with some background information for introducing the concept behind genetically modified crops. This article closely resembles the other scholarly articles I have and it is great that I now have some background info. The target audience for this article are scientists. The author is connected to the University of Florida, but it does not specifically say if him or her is a grad student or a professor.
Wesseler, J.H.H. ed. Environmental Costs and Benefits of Transgenic Crops. Dordrecht: Springer, 2005.
This book is a collection of scholarly articles. It ranges from articles on the environmental impacts of GM crops to the ethics surrounding GM crops and the costs and benefits of GM crops. I have not had a chance to go through the whole book but the introduction sums up the order of topics addressed and gives brief background information on each subject. This book is written by scientists but it is very approachable to any educated individual. The editor is a member of the Environmental Economics and Natural Resource Group a Wageningen University in the Netherlands.
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